CBSE Board Exam Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025

Many students mistaken biology as a subject meant for cramming. But this is entirely a wrong conception regarding biology. If the learner has a deep interest in biology thenhe/she will understand what fun it is to know and discover the meaning of genuine life science. Biology explains us everything that makes the living bodies, be it the humans, animals, andplant kingdom. You just need to have the right mentor with youwho can help you in growing your desire to learn this subject.

Many students find it difficult to understand and learn the ncert class 12 biology CBSE syllabus. One of the biggest reasons behind this is, biology syllabus of CBSE class 12 is very vast and students are not able to schedule a timetable that can help them cover all the topics.

the curriculum for students preparing for the 2025 board examinations. The syllabus is structured to provide a comprehensive understanding of fundamental biology concepts, integrating both theoretical and practical components.

Unit-I DiversityofLivingOrganisms

Chapter-1:TheLivingWorld

Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; conceptof species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature

Chapter-2:BiologicalClassification

Fivekingdomclassification;SalientfeaturesandclassificationofMonera,ProtistaandFungi into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.

Chapter-3:PlantKingdom

Classificationofplantsintomajorgroups;Salientanddistinguishingfeaturesandafewexamples of Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae (Topics excluded – Angiosperms, Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations)

Chapter-4:AnimalKingdom

Salientfeatures andclassificationofanimals,non-chordatesuptophylalevelandchordatesup to class level (salient features and at a few examples of each category). (Noliveanimals orspecimen should bedisplayed.)

Unit-IIStructuralOrganizationinPlantsandAnimals Chapter-5:

Morphology of Flowering Plants Morphologyofdifferentpartsoffloweringplants:root,stem,leaf,inflorescence,flower,fruitand seed.Description of familySolanaceae

Chapter-6:AnatomyofFloweringPlants

Anatomyandfunctionsoftissuesystemsindicotsandmonocots.

Chapter-7:StructuralOrganisationinAnimals

Morphology, Anatomyand functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of frog.

Unit-IIICell:StructureandFunction Chapter-

8: Cell-The Unit of Life

Celltheoryandcellasthebasicunitoflife,structureofprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells;Plantcell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles,mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles

(ultrastructure and function); nucleus.

Chapter-9:Biomolecules

Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; Enzyme - types, properties, enzyme action.(Topics excluded: Nature of Bond LinkingMonomers in a Polymer, Dynamic State of BodyConstituents – Concept of Metabolism, Metabolic Basis of Living, The Living State)

Chapter-10:Cell CycleandCell Division

Cellcycle,mitosis, meiosisandtheirsignificance

Unit-IVPlantPhysiology

Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis(elementaryidea);photochemicalandbiosyntheticphasesofphotosynthesis;cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.

Chapter-14:RespirationinPlants

Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient.

Chapter-15:Plant-GrowthandDevelopment

Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; plant growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA.

Unit-VHumanPhysiology

Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration,respiratoryvolume;disordersrelatedtorespiration-asthma,emphysema,occupational respiratory disorders.

Chapter-18:BodyFluidsandCirculation

Compositionofblood,bloodgroups,coagulationofblood;compositionoflymphanditsfunction; human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.

Chapter-19:ExcretoryProductsandtheirElimination

Modesofexcretion ammonotelism,ureotelism,uricotelism;humanexcretorysystem–structure andfunction;urineformation,osmoregulation;regulationofkidneyfunction-renin- angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders - uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney, kidney transplant.

Chapter-20:LocomotionandMovement

Typesofmovement-ciliary,flagellar,muscular;skeletalmuscle, contractileproteinsandmuscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disordersof muscular and skeletal systems - myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout.

Chapter-21:NeuralControlandCoordination

Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse

Chapter-22:ChemicalCoordinationandIntegration

Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid,parathyroid,adrenal,pancreas, gonads;mechanism ofhormoneaction(elementaryidea); role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes, Addison's disease.

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